1. Muhammad Ali Jinnah (15 August 1947 – 11 September 1948)

   • Background: Jinnah was a prominent lawyer and politician, known as the “Father of the Nation” for his pivotal role in the creation of Pakistan.
   • Contributions: As the first Governor General, he laid the foundational structures of the new state and worked to address the challenges of partition, including refugee crises and territorial disputes.
   • Death: Jinnah served until his death on 11 September 1948.

2. Khawaja Nazimuddin (14 September 1948 – 17 October 1951)

   • Background: Nazimuddin was an experienced politician and served as the Chief Minister of Bengal before partition.
   • Contributions: He continued the policies of Jinnah, focusing on stabilizing the nascent country. After his tenure as Governor General, he became the second Prime Minister of Pakistan.
   • Transition: Resigned to take up the position of Prime Minister.

3. Ghulam Muhammad (17 October 1951 – 6 October 1955)

   • Background: Ghulam Muhammad was previously the Finance Minister of Pakistan and had a background in the civil service.
   • Contributions: His tenure was marked by political instability and economic challenges. He played a controversial role in the dismissal of Prime Ministers and the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly in 1954.
   • Health Issues: His declining health led to his replacement.

4. Iskander Mirza (6 October 1955 – 23 March 1956)

   • Background: Mirza had a military background and served in various administrative roles in British India before partition.
   • Contributions: As the last Governor General, he oversaw the transition of Pakistan to a republic. Upon the adoption of the 1956 constitution, he became the first President of Pakistan.
   • Transition: The office of Governor General was abolished on 23 March 1956 when Pakistan became a republic.

1. Iskander Mirza (1956-1958)

Background: Military officer and politician.

Notable Events: Became the first President of Pakistan; imposed martial law in 1958 but was soon ousted by Ayub Khan.

2. Ayub Khan (1958-1969)

Background: Army General.

Notable Events: Seized power in a military coup; introduced economic and educational reforms; resigned following public protests.

3. Yahya Khan (1969-1971)

Background: Army General.

Notable Events: Oversaw the 1971 war with India and the subsequent independence of Bangladesh; resigned amid military and political defeat.

4. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1971-1973)

Background: Politician, founder of the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP).

Notable Events: First civilian to assume the presidency after military rule; became Prime Minister in 1973 after constitutional changes.

5. Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry (1973-1978)

Background: Politician, member of the PPP.

Notable Events: Served as a ceremonial president during Bhutto’s prime ministership; resigned after General Zia-ul-Haq’s coup.

6. Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (1978-1988)

Background: Army General.

Notable Events: Imposed martial law; ruled as a military dictator; died in a plane crash.

7. Ghulam Ishaq Khan (1988-1993)

Background: Bureaucrat.

Notable Events: Assumed presidency after Zia’s death; dismissed two prime ministers; resigned following a political crisis.

8. Wasim Sajjad (Acting President, 1993, 1997-1998)

Background: Politician, Chairman of the Senate.

Notable Events: Served as acting president twice during periods of political transition.

9. Farooq Leghari (1993-1997)

Background: Politician, member of the PPP.

Notable Events: Dismissed Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto’s government; faced corruption charges and resigned.

10. Rafiq Tarar (1998-2001)

Background: Judge.

Notable Events: Largely a ceremonial figure during Nawaz Sharif’s government and subsequent military coup by Pervez Musharraf.

11. Pervez Musharraf (2001-2008)

Background: Army General.

Notable Events: Seized power in a coup; survived assassination attempts; resigned amid impeachment threats.

12.  Asif Ali Zardari (2008-2013)

Background: Politician, co-chairman of the PPP.

Notable Events: Husband of Benazir Bhutto; faced numerous corruption allegations; oversaw economic and political instability.

13. Mamnoon Hussain (2013-2018)

Background: Businessman, member of the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz).

Notable Events: Known for his low-profile and ceremonial role; tenure marked by political stability.

14. Arif Alvi (2018-2024)

Background: Dentist, founding member of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI).

Notable Events: Elected during Imran Khan’s premiership; focused on health and education initiatives, resigned due to coalition government of PPP and PML(N).

15. Asif Ali Zaedari (June 2024 – present)

Background: Politician (PPP).

Notable Events: He is current President of Pakistan for second term.

1. Sir Abdur Rashid (27 June 1949 – 29 June 1954)

   • Background: First Chief Justice of Pakistan.
   • Contributions: Laid the foundation for the judiciary in Pakistan.

2. Muhammad Munir (29 June 1954 – 2 May 1960)

   • Background: Prominent jurist known for his controversial rulings.
   • Contributions: Known for the “Doctrine of Necessity” which validated several military takeovers.

3. Muhammad Shahabuddin (3 May 1960 – 12 May 1960)

   • Background: Served briefly.
   • Contributions: Short tenure as Chief Justice.

4. A.R. Cornelius (13 May 1960 – 29 February 1968)

   • Background: First non-Muslim Chief Justice.
   • Contributions: Known for his efforts to maintain judicial independence.

5. Sheikh Anwarul Haq (23 September 1977 – 25 March 1981)

   • Background: Oversaw the judiciary during General Zia-ul-Haq’s regime.
   • Contributions: Notable for upholding the conviction of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

6. Muhammad Haleem (25 March 1981 – 31 December 1989)

   • Background: Known for his integrity and judicial activism.
   • Contributions: Emphasized human rights and judicial reforms.

7. Muhammad Afzal Zullah (1 January 1990 – 18 April 1993)

   • Background: Advocated for judicial independence.
   • Contributions: Prominent in legal education reforms.

8. Nasim Hassan Shah (18 April 1993 – 14 April 1994)

   • Background: Played a role in the restoration of Nawaz Sharif’s government.
   • Contributions: Known for his decisions in politically sensitive cases.

9. Sajjad Ali Shah (5 June 1994 – 2 December 1997)

   • Background: Faced a confrontation with the executive branch.
   • Contributions: His tenure ended in a constitutional crisis.

10. Ajmal Mian (23 December 1997 – 30 June 1999)

    • Background: Prominent jurist known for his independent stance.
    • Contributions: Strived to uphold judicial integrity.

11. Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui (1 July 1999 – 26 January 2000)

    • Background: Brief tenure before the military coup by Pervez Musharraf.
    • Contributions: Known for his resistance to military interference.

12. Irfan Qadir (acting) (26 January 2000 – 29 January 2000)

    • Background: Served as Acting Chief Justice for a short period.

13. Riaz Ahmed (29 January 2000 – 26 June 2001)

    • Background: Faced challenges during Musharraf’s regime.
    • Contributions: Oversaw judiciary during a transitional period.

14. Bashir Jehangiri (7 January 2002 – 5 February 2002)

    • Background: Served briefly.
    • Contributions: Short tenure with limited impact.

15. Sheikh Riaz Ahmad (1 January 2002 – 31 December 2003)

    • Background: Oversaw significant judicial activities.
    • Contributions: Known for his focus on judicial efficiency.

16. Nazim Hussain Siddiqui (31 December 2003 – 29 June 2005)

    • Background: Continued judicial reforms.
    • Contributions: Worked on improving judicial administration.

17. Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry (30 June 2005 – 11 March 2007, 20 July 2007 – 12 December 2013)

    • Background: Known for his activism and confrontation with the executive.
    • Contributions: Led the Lawyers’ Movement, which resulted in his reinstatement after being deposed.

18. Javed Iqbal (acting) (11 March 2007 – 22 March 2007)

    • Background: Served as Acting Chief Justice during the judicial crisis.

19. Rana Bhagwandas (acting) (24 March 2007 – 20 July 2007)

    • Background: First Hindu to serve as Acting Chief Justice.
    • Contributions: Oversaw critical judicial matters during his tenure.

20. Tassaduq Hussain Jillani (12 December 2013 – 5 July 2014)

    • Background: Known for his moderate and balanced judicial approach.
    • Contributions: Emphasized judicial reforms and human rights.

21. Nasir-ul-Mulk (6 July 2014 – 16 August 2015)

    • Background: Later served as caretaker Prime Minister.
    • Contributions: Known for his impartiality and administrative reforms.

22. Jawwad S. Khawaja (17 August 2015 – 9 September 2015)

    • Background: Brief tenure.
    • Contributions: Focused on constitutional and human rights issues.

23. Anwar Zaheer Jamali (10 September 2015 – 30 December 2016)

    • Background: Known for his assertive judicial style.
    • Contributions: Promoted judicial independence and accountability.

24. Mian Saqib Nisar (31 December 2016 – 17 January 2019)

    • Background: Focused on judicial activism and public interest litigation.
    • Contributions: Led significant reforms in healthcare and education sectors.

25. Asif Saeed Khosa (18 January 2019 – 20 December 2019)

    • Background: Known for his literary approach to judgments.
    • Contributions: Emphasized speedy justice and criminal justice reforms.

26. Gulzar Ahmed (21 December 2019 – 1 February 2022)

    • Background: Focused on environmental and public interest issues.
    • Contributions: Promoted judicial independence and reforms.

27. Umar Ata Bandial (2 February 2022 –2023)

    • Background: Current Chief Justice.
    • Contributions: Known for his emphasis on judicial integrity and independence

28. Chief Justice Qazi Faez Isa (26 September 2023 – Present)

    • Background: Justice Qazi Faez Isa has a distinguished legal career and has served as a judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan.
    • Contributions: Known for his integrity and independent stance on various legal and constitutional matters. As the current Chief Justice, he is expected to continue advocating for judicial independence and addressing key legal issues facing the country.

Civil Awards

1. Nishan-e-Pakistan
   • Description: The highest civil award, recognizing outstanding services to Pakistan.
   • Field: Service to Pakistan.
   • Examples: Nelson Mandela, Xi Jinping
2. Hilal-e-Pakistan
   • Description: The second-highest civil award, given for extraordinary services.
   • Field: Service to Pakistan.
   • Examples: Mahathir Mohamad, King Abdullah
3. Sitara-e-Pakistan
   • Description: Awarded for meritorious contributions.
   • Field: Service to Pakistan.
   • Examples: Edward, Yasser Arafat
4. Nishan-e-Imtiaz
   • Description: Given for excellence in fields such as literature, arts, sports, medicine, and science.
   • Field: Various.
   • Examples: Abdus Salam. Malala
5. Hilal-e-Imtiaz
   • Description: Recognizes distinguished merit.
   • Field: Various.
   • Examples: Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, Asma Jahangir
6. Sitara-e-Imtiaz
   • Description: Awarded for outstanding achievements.
   • Field: Various.
   • Examples: Moin Akhter, Anwar Maqsood
7. Tamgha-e-Imtiaz
   • Description: Honors notable achievements.
   • Field: Various.
   • Examples: Ali Zafar, Ayesha Farooq
8. Presidential Pride of Performance
   • Description: Awarded for meritorious contribution to the field of art, literature, science, sports, and public service.
   • Field: Various.
   • Examples: Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Abida Parveen

Military Awards

1. Nishan-e-Haider
   • Description: The highest military award, given for acts of extraordinary bravery in combat.
   • Field: Military valor.
   • Examples: Capt. Raja Muahmmad Sarwar, Major Shabbir
2. Hilal-e-Jurat
   • Description: Second highest military award for valor, awarded for gallantry in action.
   • Field: Military valor.
   • Examples: Brigd. Muhammad Usman
3. Sitara-e-Jurat
   • Description: Third highest military award, recognizing acts of gallantry.
   • Field: Military valor.
   • Examples: Lt. Colonel Akram Raja
4. Tamgha-e-Jurat
   • Description: Fourth highest military award, recognizing bravery.
   • Field: Military valor.
   • Examples: Major General Abrar Hussain
5. Sitara-e-Basalat
   • Description: Awarded for courage and valor not in direct combat.
   • Field: Military valor.
   • Examples: Brigd. Tariq Mehmood

Literary and Cultural Awards

1. Kamal-e-Fun Award
   • Description: Lifetime achievement award in literature and arts.
   • Field: Literature and arts.
   • Examples: Ahmed Faraz, Intezar Hussain
2. Sitar-i-Hurmat
   • Description: Awarded for significant contributions to cultural activities.
   • Field: Culture.
   • Examples: Zia Mohyeddin, Reshma

Other Notable Awards

1. Hilal-e-Quaid-i-Azam
   • Description: Awarded for distinguished services in various fields.
   • Field: Various.
   • Examples: Benazir Bhutto, Syed Babar Ali
2. Tamgha-e-Khidmat
   • Description: Recognizes public services.
   • Field: Public service.
   • Examples: Abdul Sattar Edhi, Ruth Pfau

Pakistan Army

1. General Tikka Khan (20 December 1971 – 3 March 1972)

   • Background: Served as the Chief of Army Staff during the post-independence era.
   • Contributions: Played a role in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.

2. General Gul Hassan Khan (3 March 1972 – 1 March 1976)

   • Background: Previously served as the Director-General of Military Operations.
   • Contributions: Oversaw the military during a period of political instability.

3. General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (1 March 1976 – 17 August 1988)

   • Background: Later became President of Pakistan after staging a coup.
   • Contributions: Instituted martial law and led Pakistan during the Soviet-Afghan War.

4. General Mirza Aslam Beg (17 August 1988 – 16 August 1991)

   • Background: Known for his role in the Afghan conflict.
   • Contributions: Oversaw military operations in Kashmir.

5. General Asif Nawaz Janjua (16 August 1991 – 8 January 1993)

   • Background: Previously served as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.
   • Contributions: Initiated reforms in the military structure.

6. General Abdul Waheed Kakar (12 January 1993 – 12 January 1996)

   • Background: Known for dismissing the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.
   • Contributions: Oversaw the transition to civilian rule after the dismissal of Nawaz Sharif.

7. General Jehangir Karamat (12 January 1996 – 6 October 1998)

   • Background: Served in various command and staff positions.
   • Contributions: Emphasized modernization and professionalization of the army.

8. General Pervez Musharraf (6 October 1998 – 28 November 2007)

   • Background: Later became President of Pakistan after a military coup.
   • Contributions: Led the army during the Kargil conflict and the War on Terror.

9. General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani (29 November 2007 – 29 November 2013)

   • Background: Served in various command and staff positions.
   • Contributions: Focused on counter-terrorism operations and internal security.

10. General Raheel Sharif (29 November 2013 – 29 November 2016)

    • Background: Known for leading military operations against militants.
    • Contributions: Led Operation Zarb-e-Azb against militants in North Waziristan.

11. General Qamar Javed Bajwa (29 November 2016 – Present)

    • Background: Previously served as Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation.
    • Contributions: Focused on regional security and modernization of the army.
12. General Syed Asim Munir ( Current )

Pakistan Navy

1. Admiral Mohammad Shariff (20 December 1971 – 1 March 1979)

   • Background: Played a key role in the development of Pakistan Navy.
   • Contributions: Oversaw naval operations during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.

2. Admiral Karamat Rahman Niazi (1 March 1979 – 9 March 1983)

   • Background: Known for his efforts to modernize the navy.
   • Contributions: Worked on enhancing the operational capabilities of the navy.

3. Admiral Tariq Kamal Khan (9 March 1983 – 8 November 1988)

   • Background: Experienced naval officer.
   • Contributions: Focused on strengthening the naval fleet and capabilities.

4. Admiral Yastur-ul-Haq Malik (8 November 1988 – 6 November 1991)

   • Background: Served in various command positions.
   • Contributions: Continued modernization efforts in the navy.

5. Admiral Farooq Ahmed (6 November 1991 – 8 November 1994)

   • Background: Known for his role in naval operations.
   • Contributions: Worked on enhancing the navy’s capabilities.

6. Admiral Mansurul Haq (8 November 1994 – 9 November 1997)

   • Background: Experienced naval officer.
   • Contributions: Focused on modernization and expansion of the navy.

7. Admiral Fasih Bokhari (9 November 1997 – 6 October 1999)

   • Background: Served in various command and staff positions.
   • Contributions: Continued efforts to strengthen the navy.

8. Admiral Abdul Aziz Mirza (7 October 1999 – 7 October 2002)

   • Background: Known for his leadership during the Kargil conflict.
   • Contributions: Emphasized on modernization and professionalism.

9. Admiral Shahid Karimullah (7 October 2002 – 7 October 2005)

   • Background: Experienced naval officer.
   • Contributions: Worked on enhancing the navy’s capabilities.

10. Admiral Muhammad Afzal Tahir (7 October 2005 – 7 October 2008)

    • Background: Known for his role in maritime security.
    • Contributions: Focused on modernization and expansion of the navy.

11. Admiral Noman Bashir (7 October 2008 – 7 October 2011)

    • Background: Experienced naval officer.
    • Contributions: Continued efforts to strengthen the navy.

12. Admiral Asif Sandila (7 October 2011 – 7 October 2014)

    • Background: Known for his role in maritime security.
    • Contributions: Focused on modernization and expansion of the navy.

13. Admiral Muhammad Zakaullah (7 October 2014 – 6 October 2017)

    • Background: Experienced naval officer.
    • Contributions: Continued efforts to strengthen the navy.

14. Admiral Zafar Mahmood Abbasi (7 October 2017 – Present)

    • Background: Known for his role in maritime security.
    • Contributions: Focused on modernization and expansion of the navy

Pakistan Air Force

1. Air Marshal Asghar Khan (15 August 1947 – 22 July 1957)

   • Background: One of the founding members of Pakistan Air Force.
   • Contributions: Played a key role in the early development of the air force.

2. Air Marshal Nur Khan (23 July 1957 – 22 July 1965)

   • Background: Known for his leadership during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
   • Contributions: Led the air force during a critical period of conflict.

3. Air Marshal Asghar Khan (23 July 1965 – 22 July 1969)

   • Background: The first native Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Air Force.
   • Contributions: Instrumental in modernizing the air force and expanding its capabilities.

4. Air Marshal Abdul Rahim Khan (23 July 1969 – 22 July 1972)

   • Background: Experienced air force officer with a distinguished career.
   • Contributions: Focused on enhancing the combat readiness of the air force.

5. Air Marshal Zafar Chaudhry (23 July 1972 – 22 July 1974)

   • Background: Known for his leadership during his tenure.
   • Contributions: Worked on modernizing the air force’s equipment and infrastructure.

6. Air Marshal Nur Khan (23 July 1974 – 23 July 1976)

   • Background: Served a second term as Chief of Air Staff.
   • Contributions: Continued efforts in modernization and professional development.

7. Air Marshal Anwar Shamim (23 July 1976 – 5 March 1978)

   • Background: Experienced air force officer with a focus on operational readiness.
   • Contributions: Oversaw the air force during a period of regional tensions.

8. Air Chief Marshal (ACM) Noor Khan (6 March 1978 – 5 March 1985)

   • Background: Known for his role in the development of the air force.
   • Contributions: Emphasized on modernization and expansion of the air force.

9. Air Chief Marshal Jamal A. Khan (6 March 1985 – 9 March 1988)

   • Background: Experienced air force officer with a focus on strategic planning.
   • Contributions: Worked on enhancing the air force’s capabilities for national defense.

10. Air Chief Marshal Farooq Feroze Khan (9 March 1988 – 8 March 1991)

    • Background: Known for his leadership during his tenure.
    • Contributions: Continued efforts in modernization and professional development.

11. Air Chief Marshal Farooq Umar Khan (9 March 1991 – 8 March 1994)

    • Background: Experienced air force officer with a focus on operational efficiency.
    • Contributions: Oversaw the air force during a period of regional tensions.

12. Air Chief Marshal Abbas Khattak (9 March 1994 – 7 March 1997)

    • Background: Known for his role in enhancing the air force’s combat capabilities.
    • Contributions: Worked on modernizing the air force’s equipment and infrastructure.

13. Air Chief Marshal Parvaiz Mehdi Qureshi (7 March 1997 – 20 November 2000)

    • Background: Experienced air force officer with a focus on strategic planning.
    • Contributions: Emphasized on modernization and expansion of the air force.

14. Air Chief Marshal Mushaf Ali Mir (20 November 2000 – 20 February 2003)

    • Background: Known for his leadership during his tenure.
    • Contributions: Continued efforts in modernization and professional development.

15. Air Chief Marshal Kaleem Saadat (20 February 2003 – 18 March 2006)

    • Background: Experienced air force officer with a focus on operational efficiency.
    • Contributions: Oversaw the air force during a period of regional tensions.

16. Air Chief Marshal Tanvir Mahmood Ahmed (18 March 2006 – 18 March 2009)

    • Background: Known for his role in enhancing the air force’s combat capabilities.
    • Contributions: Worked on modernizing the air force’s equipment and infrastructure.

17. Air Chief Marshal Rao Qamar Suleman (18 March 2009 – 19 March 2012)

    • Background: Experienced air force officer with a focus on strategic planning.
    • Contributions: Emphasized on modernization and expansion of the air force.

18. Air Chief Marshal Tahir Rafique Butt (19 March 2012 – 19 March 2015)

    • Background: Known for his leadership during his tenure.
    • Contributions: Continued efforts in modernization and professional development.

19. Air Chief Marshal Sohail Aman (19 March 2015 – 19 March 2018)

    • Background: Experienced air force officer with a focus on operational efficiency.
    • Contributions: Oversaw the air force during a period of regional tensions.

20. Air Chief Marshal Mujahid Anwar Khan (19 March 2018 – Present)

    • Background: Known for his role in enhancing the air force’s combat capabilities.
    • Contributions: Worked on modernizing the air force’s equipment and infrastructure.
21.  

1. Northern and Northwestern Highlands

• Himalayas: The northern region of Pakistan includes parts of the Himalayas, featuring some of the highest peaks in the world. Notable mountains include Nanga Parbat (8,126 meters), the ninth-highest peak globally.
• Karakoram Range: This range houses K2 (8,611 meters), the second-highest peak in the world, along with several other high peaks.
• Hindu Kush: Extending into northwestern Pakistan, the Hindu Kush mountains include Tirich Mir (7,708 meters), the highest peak in the range.
• Gilgit-Baltistan: This area is characterized by steep valleys, rugged terrain, and numerous glaciers, including the Baltoro Glacier.

2. Western Highlands

• Sulaiman and Kirthar Ranges: These mountain ranges run along the western edge of Pakistan, bordering Afghanistan. They feature rugged terrain and moderate to high peaks.
• Baluchistan Plateau: This plateau is arid and mountainous, characterized by a rugged landscape and numerous small mountain ranges like the Toba Kakar Range.

3. Indus Plain

• Overview: The Indus Plain is a vast and fertile area formed by the Indus River and its tributaries. It stretches from the Himalayas in the north to the Arabian Sea in the south.
• Regions:
  • Punjab: Upper Indus Plain
  • Sindh: The lower Indus Plain in Sindh is also fertile, with significant agricultural production. The Indus River Delta is located in this region, leading into the Arabian Sea.

4. Deserts

• Thar in Sindh
• Thal & Cholistan in Punjab
• Kharan in Balochistan

5. Plateaus

• Potohar is in Northern Punjab.
• Balochistan plateau in Balochistan

6. Coastal Areas

• Location: Southern Pakistan along the Arabian Sea.
• Regions:
  • Makran Coast: This coastal area in Balochistan is known for its rugged cliffs, sandy beaches, and significant fishing industry.
  • Karachi Coast: The coastline around Karachi, Sindh’s capital, features ports, harbors, and industrial areas.

7. Rivers and Water Bodies

• Indus River: The primary river system in Pakistan, originating in Tibet and flowing through the entire length of Pakistan before emptying into the Arabian Sea. It has several major tributaries, including the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas.
• Tarbela Dam: Located on the Indus River, this is one of the largest earth-filled dams in the world.
• Mangla Dam: Situated on the Jhelum River, it is another significant reservoir in Pakistan.

8. Valleys

• Hunza Valley: A scenic valley in Gilgit-Baltistan, known for its breathtaking landscapes and cultural heritage.
• Swat Valley: Located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, known for its natural beauty and historical significance.
• Neelum Valley: A picturesque valley in Azad Jammu and Kashmir, famous for its lush green scenery and rivers.

9. Climate Zones

• Highlnad/Mountain Climate: Northern and northwestern highlands have a mountain climate with cold winters and mild summers.
• Arid Climate: The western highlands and southern deserts have an arid climate with extreme temperature variations. (Thar, Kharan etc)
• Low land/Subtropical Climate: The Indus Plain experiences a subtropical climate with hot summers and mild winters.
• Coastal Climate: The climate which is experienced at coastal/marine strip of the sea i.e Karachi, Gwadar etc

Government-Owned Airline (Public)

1. Pakistan International Airlines (PIA)
   • Description: The national flag carrier of Pakistan, established in 1946.
   • Services: Operates domestic and international flights to various destinations across Asia, Europe, North America, and the Middle East.

Private Airlines

1. Airblue

   • Description: A private airline based in Islamabad, founded in 2003.
   • Services: Offers domestic flights and international flights to destinations in the Middle East, including the UAE and Saudi Arabia.

2. SereneAir

   • Description: A private airline that began operations in 2017.
   • Services: Primarily operates domestic flights and has expanded to international destinations in the Middle East.

3. Air Sial

   • Description: A relatively new private airline that commenced operations in December 2020, based in Sialkot.
   • Services: Focuses on domestic routes with plans for international expansion.

Defunct Airlines

1. Shaheen Air International

   • Description: A private airline that ceased operations in 2018 due to financial difficulties.
   • Services: Previously operated both domestic and international flights.

2. Bhoja Air

   • Description: A private airline that faced operational challenges and ceased operations.
   • Services: Primarily operated domestic flights before shutting down.

3. Air Indus

   • Description: A private airline that suspended operations in 2015.
   • Services: Operated domestic flights within Pakistan.

4. Aero Asia International

   • Description: A private airline that ceased operations in 2007.
   • Services: Operated domestic and international flights.

5. Royal Airlines

   • Description: A private charter airline that provided limited scheduled services.
   • Services: Focused on charter flights within Pakistan.

6. Pearl Air

   • Description: A private airline that was operational for a brief period.
   • Services: Offered domestic flights before ceasing operations.

1. Mineral Resources

• Coal: Pakistan has significant coal reserves, particularly in the Thar Desert in Sindh, estimated to be among the largest in the world.
• Natural Gas: Major natural gas fields are located in Sui in Balochistan, Qadirpur in Sindh, and various other regions. Natural gas is a crucial energy source for domestic and industrial use.
• Petroleum (Oil): Oil fields are mainly located in the Pothohar Plateau, Sindh, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The country is also exploring offshore drilling opportunities.
• Copper: The Reko Diq area in Balochistan is one of the world’s largest undeveloped copper deposits. Saindak Copper-Gold Project is another significant copper mining project.
• Gold: Gold deposits are found in the Reko Diq area, associated with copper mining.
• Iron Ore: Iron ore deposits are found in Chiniot, Punjab, and Kalabagh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
• Chromite: Major chromite reserves are located in Muslim Bagh in Balochistan.
• Gypsum: Extensive gypsum deposits are found in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
• Salt: The Khewra Salt Mine in Punjab is one of the largest and oldest salt mines in the world.
• Other Minerals: Limestone, marble, and granite are also abundant and widely extracted.

2. Energy Resources

• Hydropower: Pakistan has significant potential for hydroelectric power generation, with major projects like Tarbela Dam, Mangla Dam, and the planned Diamer-Bhasha Dam.
• Solar Energy: With high solar insolation, particularly in the Thar Desert and Balochistan, Pakistan has significant potential for solar power generation.
• Wind Energy: Coastal areas in Sindh and Balochistan have considerable wind energy potential. The Gharo-Keti Bandar Wind Corridor is a key area for wind power projects.

3. Agricultural Resources

• Land: Fertile plains of Punjab and Sindh are ideal for agriculture, producing crops like wheat, rice, sugarcane, and cotton.
• Crops: Major crops include wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane, maize, and various fruits and vegetables.
• Livestock: Pakistan has a large livestock population, including cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats, which contribute to meat, dairy, and wool production.
• Fisheries: The coastline along the Arabian Sea provides rich marine resources, supporting a significant fishing industry.

4. Forestry Resources

• Forests: Pakistan has a diverse range of forest types, including coniferous forests in the north, scrub forests in Punjab, riverine forests along the Indus River, and mangrove forests along the coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan.
• Timber: The forests provide timber, fuelwood, and non-timber forest products, contributing to the economy and livelihoods of local communities.

5. Water Resources

• Rivers: The Indus River system, with its tributaries (Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Beas), is the lifeline of Pakistan’s agriculture and provides water for irrigation, drinking, and industrial use.
• Dams and Reservoirs: Major dams like Tarbela, Mangla, and Warsak play a crucial role in water storage, flood control, and hydroelectric power generation.
• Groundwater: Groundwater is extensively used for irrigation, especially in areas where canal water is insufficient.

6. Human Resources

• Labor Force: Pakistan has a large and youthful labor force, which is a vital resource for economic growth and development.
• Education and Skills: Investing in education and vocational training is essential to harness the full potential of the human resources.

1. National Symbols

• Flag: The national flag of Pakistan features a green field with a white crescent moon and a five-pointed star at its center, and a vertical white stripe at the hoist side. The green color represents Islam, the white stripe represents religious minorities, and the crescent and star symbolize progress and light.
• Emblem: The state emblem of Pakistan features a green shield with four quarters containing representations of crops, cotton, tea, and wheat, symbolizing agriculture. The shield is surrounded by a wreath and topped with a crescent and star, reflecting Islamic heritage.

2. National Anthem

• Title: “Qaumi Taranah” (The National Anthem)
• Lyrics: Written by Hafeez Jalandhari
• Music: Composed by Ahmed Ghulamali Chagla
• Adopted: 1954
• Significance: The anthem celebrates the country’s independence and sovereignty, reflecting the aspirations and unity of the nation.

3. National Language

• Urdu: Urdu is the national language of Pakistan, serving as a symbol of cultural and national unity. It is widely spoken and understood across the country.

4. National Heroes

• Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah: The founder of Pakistan and its first Governor-General. Jinnah is celebrated for his leadership in the creation of Pakistan.
• Allama Iqbal: A philosopher, poet, and politician who is considered the spiritual father of Pakistan. Iqbal’s vision and ideas significantly influenced the movement for an independent Muslim state.

5. National Poet

• Allama Muhammad Iqbal: Known as the national poet of Pakistan, Iqbal’s poetry and philosophy played a crucial role in inspiring the Pakistani national movement.

6. National Monuments

• Minar-e-Pakistan: Located in Lahore, this monument commemorates the Lahore Resolution of 1940, which called for the creation of Pakistan.
• Mazar-e-Quaid: The mausoleum of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, located in Karachi, is a symbol of reverence and national pride.

7. National Dress

• Shalwar Kameez: The traditional dress of Pakistan, worn by both men and women. It reflects the cultural heritage and is widely recognized as the national attire.

8. National Flower

• Jasmine: Known for its fragrance and beauty, the jasmine flower symbolizes purity and simplicity.

9. National Animal

• Markhor: A wild goat species found in the northern and western mountainous regions. The markhor represents resilience and strength.

10. National Bird

• Chukar Partridge: A bird found in the hilly regions of Pakistan, symbolizing grace and beauty.

11. National Tree

• Deodar Cedar: Native to the northern areas, this tree represents strength and endurance.

12. National Sport

• Field Hockey: Recognized as the national sport of Pakistan, reflecting the country’s historical success and passion for the game.

13. National Days

• Independence Day: Celebrated on August 14, marking Pakistan’s independence from British rule in 1947.
• Pakistan Day: Celebrated on March 23, commemorating the Lahore Resolution of 1940 and the adoption of the first constitution in 1956.

14. National Cuisine

• Biryani: A popular and traditional dish in Pakistan, symbolizing the rich culinary heritage of the country.
• Nihari: A slow-cooked stew that is a significant part of Pakistani cuisine, especially in Punjab and Sindh.

15. National Mosque

• Faisal Mosque: Located in Islamabad, it is the largest mosque in Pakistan and a symbol of Islamic architecture and heritage. Named after King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, it represents the deep-rooted Islamic identity of the country.

16. National Monument

• Pakistan Monument: Located in Islamabad, this monument symbolizes the four provinces and three territories of Pakistan, signifying national unity.

17. National Music

• Qawwali: A form of Sufi devotional music that is popular in Pakistan, representing the country’s rich spiritual and cultural traditions.
• Folk Music: Each province has its own folk music, such as Punjabi Bhangra, Sindhi Lada, Pashto Tappa, and Balochi Lewa, reflecting the diverse cultural heritage.

18. National Dance

• Bhangra in Punjab
• Attan in KPK
• Ho Jamalo in Sindh
• Leveis/ Aly Leva in Balochistan

19. National Literature

• Literary Figures: Besides Allama Iqbal, notable literary figures include Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Saadat Hasan Manto, and Bano Qudsia, Amar Jaleel, Shiekh Ayaz, Ayaz Latif Paleejo, Rasool Bux Paleejo, Juan Elia, Tahzeeb Hafi, Ali Zaryoon, Parveen Shakir and more whose works are integral to Pakistani literature and identity.

20. National Parks

• Kirthar National Park: Located in Sindh, it is known for its unique landscape and diverse wildlife.
• Deosai National Park: Located in Gilgit-Baltistan, it is known as the “Land of Giants” and is one of the highest plateaus in the world.
• Hingol National Park: Located in Balochistan, it is the largest national park in Pakistan, known for its unique rock formations and diverse wildlife.

The 1956 Constitution

• Date of Adoption: March 23, 1956
• Form of Government: Parliamentary republic
• Features:
  • Established Pakistan as an Islamic Republic.
  • Introduced a parliamentary system with a President as the head of state and a Prime Minister as the head of government.
  • Bicameral legislature consisting of the National Assembly and the Senate.
  • Fundamental rights guaranteed to citizens, including freedom of speech, religion, and the press.
  • Ensured the independence of the judiciary.
• Abolition: Abrogated in October 1958 following a military coup by General Ayub Khan.

The 1962 Constitution

• Date of Adoption: June 8, 1962
• Form of Government: Presidential republic
• Features:
  • Established Pakistan as a presidential republic with a strong executive.
  • President held extensive powers, including control over the armed forces and the ability to dissolve the National Assembly.
  • Introduced a unicameral legislature (National Assembly).
  • Provided for an advisory council of Islamic Ideology to recommend laws in accordance with Islamic principles.
  • Limited political freedoms and curtailed civil liberties.
• Abolition: Suspended in 1969 and eventually abrogated in 1972 following political unrest and the secession of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).

The 1973 Constitution

• Date of Adoption: August 14, 1973
• Form of Government: Parliamentary republic
• Features:
  • Re-established Pakistan as a parliamentary republic.
  • Bicameral legislature consisting of the National Assembly and the Senate.
  • Prime Minister as the head of government and the President as the ceremonial head of state.
  • Detailed fundamental rights, including the rights to equality, freedom of speech, and religion.
  • Emphasized the independence of the judiciary and established the Supreme Court of Pakistan.
  • Included provisions for provincial autonomy and defined the relationship between the federal and provincial governments.
  • Islamic provisions: Stated that no law would be enacted which is repugnant to the injunctions of Islam, and established the Federal Shariat Court.
  • Amendments: The constitution has been amended several times to address changing political dynamics and governance needs, with significant amendments including the 18th Amendment, which decentralized power to the provinces.

Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948 (First Kashmir War)

• Dates: October 1947 – December 1948
• Cause: The conflict began over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which both India and Pakistan claimed. The war started when tribal militias from Pakistan’s North-West Frontier Province invaded Kashmir.
• Outcome: The war ended with a UN-mediated ceasefire, resulting in the establishment of the Line of Control (LoC), dividing Kashmir into Indian-administered and Pakistani-administered regions.

Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

• Dates: April 1965 – September 1965
• Cause: The conflict was triggered by border disputes and skirmishes in the Rann of Kutch region, followed by the escalation of hostilities in Kashmir.
• Outcome: The war ended with a UN-mandated ceasefire and the Tashkent Agreement. Both sides claimed victory, but no territorial changes occurred, and the status quo was largely maintained.

Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

• Dates: December 3, 1971 – December 16, 1971
• Cause: The war was primarily over the secessionist movement in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), which sought independence from West Pakistan. The conflict intensified when India intervened in support of the East Pakistani independence movement.
• Outcome: The war ended with a decisive Indian victory, leading to the creation of the independent state of Bangladesh. Pakistan suffered a significant loss of territory and military assets.

Kargil Conflict (1999)

• Dates: May 1999 – July 1999
• Cause: The conflict occurred in the Kargil district of Indian-administered Kashmir, where Pakistani soldiers and militants infiltrated and occupied strategic positions on the Indian side of the LoC.
• Outcome: The conflict ended with a successful Indian military operation to push back the infiltrators. International diplomatic pressure, especially from the United States, played a significant role in ending the conflict. The LoC was restored to its previous status.

Other Notable Conflicts and Operations

1. Siachen Conflict

   • Dates: 1984 – Present (Low-intensity conflict)
   • Cause: Dispute over the Siachen Glacier region in the eastern Karakoram range. The conflict began with India’s Operation Meghdoot, which resulted in Indian control over the glacier.
   • Outcome: Ongoing military standoff with frequent skirmishes, but no significant territorial changes since the initial occupation.

2. War on Terror (Post-2001)

   • Dates: 2001 – Present
   • Cause: Following the 9/11 attacks, Pakistan joined the US-led War on Terror, facing internal insurgency and militant groups, especially in the tribal areas along the Afghan border.
   • Outcome: Ongoing military operations, including Operation Zarb-e-Azb and Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad, aimed at eliminating terrorist and militant threats within Pakistan.

3. Balochistan Insurgency

   • Dates: 1948 – Present (Intermittent)
   • Cause: Ethnic and separatist insurgencies in Balochistan, seeking greater autonomy or independence from Pakistan.
   • Outcome: Ongoing conflict with periodic military operations and peace initiatives, but no resolution to the insurgency.

Founding Leaders

1. Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah

   • Contribution: Founder of Pakistan and its first Governor-General. He played a crucial role in the creation of Pakistan through his leadership of the All India Muslim League and the demand for a separate Muslim state.
   • Title: Father of the Nation.

2. Allama Muhammad Iqbal

   • Contribution: Philosopher, poet, and politician who is regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement. He proposed the idea of a separate Muslim state in the subcontinent.
   • Title: Poet of the East, National Poet of Pakistan.

Military Heroes

3. Major Raja Aziz Bhatti

   • Contribution: Awarded Pakistan’s highest military honor, Nishan-e-Haider, for his bravery and leadership during the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War.
   • Title: Hero of the 1965 War.

4. Captain Karnal Sher Khan

   • Contribution: Awarded the Nishan-e-Haider posthumously for his bravery during the Kargil Conflict in 1999.
   • Title: Hero of Kargil.

5. Major Shabbir Sharif

   • Contribution: Awarded the Nishan-e-Haider for his valor during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War.
   • Title: Hero of 1971.

Civilian and Cultural Icons

6. Abdul Sattar Edhi

   • Contribution: Renowned philanthropist and social worker, founder of the Edhi Foundation, which operates the world’s largest volunteer ambulance network, along with numerous other humanitarian services.
   • Title: Angel of Mercy.

7. Malala Yousafzai

   • Contribution: Education activist and the youngest-ever Nobel Prize laureate. She advocates for girls’ education worldwide.
   • Title: Champion of Girls’ Education.

Scientists and Innovators

8. Dr. Abdus Salam

   • Contribution: Theoretical physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 for his work in electroweak unification. He is the first Pakistani to receive a Nobel Prize in science.
   • Title: Nobel Laureate.

9. Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan

   • Contribution: Metallurgist and nuclear scientist who played a key role in Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program.
   • Title: Father of Pakistan’s Nuclear Program.

Freedom Fighters and Martyrs

10. Liaquat Ali Khan

    • Contribution: The first Prime Minister of Pakistan. He played a crucial role in the early development of Pakistan and in formulating its foreign policy.
    • Title: Shaheed-e-Millat (Martyr of the Nation).

11. Benazir Bhutto

    • Contribution: The first woman to head a democratic government in a majority Muslim nation. She served as Prime Minister of Pakistan and was a prominent political leader.
    • Title: Daughter of the East.

Additional Heroes

12. Fatima Jinnah

    • Contribution: A dental surgeon, biographer, stateswoman, and one of the leading founders of Pakistan. She was the sister of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and played a crucial role in the Pakistan Movement.
    • Title: Mother of the Nation.

13. Nishan-e-Haider Recipients

    • General List: Several military personnel have been awarded the Nishan-e-Haider, Pakistan’s highest military honor, for acts of extraordinary bravery. Notable recipients include:
      • Pilot Officer Rashid Minhas: Youngest and the only Pakistan Air Force officer to receive this honor.
      • Havildar Lalak Jan: Recognized for his bravery during the Kargil Conflict.

National Highways

1. N-5 (National Highway 5)

   • Description: Also known as the Grand Trunk Road, it is the longest national highway in Pakistan.
   • Route: Connects Karachi to Torkham, passing through Hyderabad, Multan, Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Peshawar.
   • Length: Approximately 1,819 kilometers.

2. N-25 (RCD Highway)

   • Description: Connects Karachi with Quetta and Chaman.
   • Route: Passes through Hub, Khuzdar, and Kalat.
   • Length: Approximately 813 kilometers.

3. N-35 (Karakoram Highway)

   • Description: Connects Hasan Abdal in Punjab to the Khunjerab Pass on the China-Pakistan border.
   • Route: Passes through Abbottabad, Mansehra, Gilgit, and Hunza.
   • Length: Approximately 1,300 kilometers.

4. N-55 (Indus Highway)

   • Description: Runs parallel to the Indus River.
   • Route: Connects Karachi with Peshawar, passing through Dadu, Larkana, Dera Ghazi Khan, and Dera Ismail Khan.
   • Length: Approximately 1,264 kilometers.

5. N-70

   • Description: Connects Multan with Qila Saifullah.
   • Route: Passes through Dera Ghazi Khan and Zhob.
   • Length: Approximately 440 kilometers.

Motorways

1. M-1 (Peshawar-Islamabad Motorway)

   • Description: Connects Peshawar with Islamabad.
   • Length: Approximately 155 kilometers.
   • Route: Passes through Charsadda, Swabi, and Attock.

2. M-2 (Islamabad-Lahore Motorway)

   • Description: Connects Islamabad with Lahore.
   • Length: Approximately 367 kilometers.
   • Route: Passes through Rawalpindi, Chakwal, and Sheikhupura.

3. M-3 (Lahore-Abdul Hakeem Motorway)

   • Description: Connects Lahore with Abdul Hakeem.
   • Length: Approximately 230 kilometers.
   • Route: Passes through Nankana Sahib and Khanewal.

4. M-4 (Pindi Bhattian-Multan Motorway)

   • Description: Connects Pindi Bhattian with Multan.
   • Length: Approximately 309 kilometers.
   • Route: Passes through Faisalabad, Gojra, Toba Tek Singh, Shorkot, and Khanewal.

5. M-5 (Multan-Sukkur Motorway)

   • Description: Connects Multan with Sukkur.
   • Length: Approximately 392 kilometers.
   • Route: Passes through Shujaabad, Jalalpur, Pirwala, Ubauro, and Pano Aqil.

6. M-6 (Sukkur-Hyderabad Motorway)

   • Description: Under construction, it will connect Sukkur with Hyderabad.
   • Length: Approximately 296 kilometers.
   • Route: Passes through several towns and cities in Sindh.

7. M-8 (Ratodero-Gwadar Motorway)

   • Description: Connects Ratodero with Gwadar.
   • Length: Approximately 892 kilometers.
   • Route: Passes through Khuzdar, Hoshab, and Turbat.

8. M-9 (Karachi-Hyderabad Motorway)

   • Description: Connects Karachi with Hyderabad.
   • Length: Approximately 136 kilometers.
   • Route: Major link between Karachi and interior Sindh.

9. M-10 (Karachi Northern Bypass)

   • Description: Connects Karachi’s Port Qasim with the Super Highway (M-9).
   • Length: Approximately 57 kilometers.
   • Route: Bypasses central Karachi.

Additional Notable Highways

1. N-10 (Makran Coastal Highway)

   • Description: Runs along the Arabian Sea coast.
   • Route: Connects Karachi with Gwadar, passing through Ormara and Pasni.
   • Length: Approximately 653 kilometers.

2. N-65 (Jacobabad-Quetta Highway)

   • Description: Connects Jacobabad with Quetta.
   • Route: Passes through Dera Allah Yar and Sibi.
   • Length: Approximately 385 kilometers.

3. N-50 (D.I. Khan-Kuchlak Highway)

   • Description: Connects Dera Ismail Khan with Kuchlak near Quetta.
   • Route: Passes through Zhob and Loralai.
   • Length: Approximately 531 kilometers

1. India

   • Border Length: Approximately 3,323 kilometers East of Pakistan
   • Regions: Extends from the disputed region of Kashmir in the north to the Sindh province in the south.

2. Afghanistan

   • Border Length: Approximately 2,670 kilometers, North-west of Pakistan
   • Regions: Known as the Durand Line, this border runs along the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and Balochistan in Pakistan.

3. Iran

   • Border Length: Approximately 959 kilometers, West-South
   • Regions: The border is situated in the southwest of Pakistan, primarily in the Balochistan province.

4. China

   • Border Length: Approximately 523 kilometers, North
   • Regions: The border is in the north, primarily in the Gilgit-Baltistan region, and includes the Khunjerab Pass.

Maritime Boundary

In addition to its land borders, Pakistan has a coastline along the Arabian Sea, which is approximately 1,046 kilometers

Total Border Length

Adding these lengths, the total length of Pakistan’s international borders is approximately 7,475 kilometers.

Government Universities

Government universities are fully funded and operated by the government. These institutions are generally larger and have extensive research facilities.

1. University of the Punjab (PU)

   • Location: Lahore, Punjab
   • Established: 1882

2. Quaid-i-Azam University (QAU)

   • Location: Islamabad
   • Established: 1967

3. University of Karachi (UoK)

   • Location: Karachi, Sindh
   • Established: 1951

4. National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)

   • Location: Islamabad
   • Established: 1991

5. Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS)

   • Location: Lahore, Punjab
   • Established: 1984

6. University of Engineering and Technology (UET) Lahore

   • Location: Lahore, Punjab
   • Established: 1921

7. University of Peshawar (UoP)

   • Location: Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
   • Established: 1950

8. University of Sindh

   • Location: Jamshoro, Sindh
   • Established: 1947

9. Government College University (GCU) Lahore

   • Location: Lahore, Punjab
   • Established: 1864

10. Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU)

    • Location: Multan, Punjab
    • Established: 1975

Semi-Government Universities

Semi-government universities receive partial funding from the government but have greater autonomy compared to fully government-funded institutions.

1. National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (FAST-NUCES)

   • Location: Multiple campuses across Pakistan
   • Established: 2000

2. Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology (GIKI)

   • Location: Topi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
   • Established: 1993

3. Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS)

   • Location: Islamabad
   • Established: 1967

Private Universities

Private universities are funded and operated by private organizations or individuals. They often offer modern facilities and diverse academic programs.

1. Aga Khan University (AKU)

   • Location: Karachi, Sindh
   • Established: 1983

2. Lahore School of Economics (LSE)

   • Location: Lahore, Punjab
   • Established: 1993

3. Institute of Business Administration (IBA) Karachi

   • Location: Karachi, Sindh
   • Established: 1955

4. Habib University

   • Location: Karachi, Sindh
   • Established: 2014

5. University of Management and Technology (UMT)

   • Location: Lahore, Punjab
   • Established: 1990

6. COMSATS University Islamabad

   • Location: Multiple campuses across Pakistan
   • Established: 1998

7. Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST)

   • Location: Multiple campuses across Pakistan
   • Established: 1995

8. Beaconhouse National University (BNU)

   • Location: Lahore, Punjab
   • Established: 2003

9. Forman Christian College (A Chartered University)

   • Location: Lahore, Punjab
   • Established: 1864 (Chartered as a university in 2004)

10. Riphah International University

    • Location: Islamabad
    • Established: 2002

1. Hamid Mir

• Overview: Hamid Mir is a prominent Pakistani journalist, news anchor, and columnist.
• Career Highlights: Best known for hosting “Capital Talk” on Geo News. He has interviewed numerous high-profile political figures and has been a vocal critic of government policies.
• Awards: Recipient of the Hilal-i-Imtiaz, Pakistan’s second-highest civilian award.
• Net Worth/Salary: Estimated net worth is around $5 million.

2. Asma Shirazi

• Overview: Asma Shirazi is a respected journalist and political commentator.
• Career Highlights: Hosts “Faisla Aap Ka” on Aaj News. She has previously worked with Geo News and Dawn News.
• Awards: Won the Peter Mackler Award for Courageous and Ethical Journalism.
• Net Worth/Salary: Estimated net worth is around $1 million.

3. Talat Hussain

• Overview: Talat Hussain is a veteran journalist and television news anchor.
• Career Highlights: Hosted “Live with Talat” and “Naya Pakistan”. Known for his in-depth political analysis.
• Publications: Authored books on Pakistani politics and media.
• Net Worth/Salary: Estimated net worth is around $3 million.

4. Kamran Khan

• Overview: Kamran Khan is a renowned investigative journalist and news anchor.
• Career Highlights: Hosts “Dunya Kamran Khan Kay Sath” on Dunya News. Recognized for investigative reports on corruption and national security.
• Net Worth/Salary: Estimated net worth is around $4 million.

5. Moeed Pirzada

• Overview: Moeed Pirzada is a journalist, political analyst, and television host.
• Career Highlights: Hosted programs on 92 News and GNN. Known for analytical approach to political and international issues.
• Net Worth/Salary: Estimated net worth is around $2 million.

6. Najam Sethi

• Overview: Najam Sethi is a distinguished journalist, editor, and political commentator.
• Career Highlights: Co-founded The Friday Times and hosted “Aapas ki Baat” on Geo News. Served as interim Chief Minister of Punjab.
• Awards: Received the Hilal-i-Imtiaz for contributions to journalism.
• Net Worth/Salary: Estimated net worth is around $5 million.

7. Shahzeb Khanzada

• Overview: Shahzeb Khanzada is a well-known journalist and news anchor.
• Career Highlights: Hosts “Aaj Shahzeb Khanzada Kay Sath” on Geo News. Known for his incisive interviews and investigative journalism.
• Net Worth/Salary: Estimated net worth is around $2 million.

8. Iqrar ul Hassan

• Overview: Iqrar ul Hassan is a famous investigative journalist and television presenter.
• Career Highlights: Hosts “Sar-e-Aam” on ARY News, a show known for exposing social injustices and corruption.
• Net Worth/Salary: Estimated net worth is around $1.5 million.

9. Waseem Badami

• Overview: Waseem Badami is a popular television host and journalist.
• Career Highlights: Hosts “11th Hour” on ARY News. Known for his engaging interviewing style and coverage of political issues.
• Net Worth/Salary: Estimated net worth is around $1.5 million.

10. Arshad Sharif

• Overview: Arshad Sharif is a prominent investigative journalist.
• Career Highlights: Known for his work on ARY News and for hosting “Power Play”. Focuses on investigative journalism related to politics and national issues.
• Net Worth/Salary: Estimated net worth is around $1 million.

11. Kashif Abbasi

• Overview: Kashif Abbasi is a well-known television talk show host and journalist.
• Career Highlights: Hosts “Off the Record” on ARY News. Renowned for his critical and analytical approach to political issues.
• Net Worth/Salary: Estimated net worth is around $1.2 million.

12. Javed Chaudhry

• Overview: Javed Chaudhry is a respected columnist and television host.
• Career Highlights: Writes a popular column for Daily Express and hosts “Kal Tak” on Express News.
• Net Worth/Salary: Estimated net worth is around $1.3 million.

13. Mubasher Lucman

• Overview: Mubasher Lucman is a controversial journalist and talk show host.
• Career Highlights: Known for hosting shows like “Khara Sach” on ARY News. His shows often focus on exposing corruption and controversial issues.
• Net Worth/Salary: Estimated net worth is around $2 million.

14. Nadeem Malik

• Overview: Nadeem Malik is a seasoned journalist and news anchor.
• Career Highlights: Hosts “Nadeem Malik Live” on Samaa TV. Known for his balanced and thorough political analysis.
• Net Worth/Salary: Estimated net worth is around $1 million.

1. First Martial Law (1958-1962)

• Proclaimed By: General Ayub Khan
• Date: October 7, 1958
• Background: The first martial law in Pakistan was declared following political instability, economic difficulties, and a failing democratic process.
• Key Actions:
  • Dismissal of the civilian government led by President Iskander Mirza.
  • Abrogation of the Constitution of 1956.
  • General Ayub Khan assumed the presidency after ousting Iskander Mirza.
  • Introduction of a new constitution in 1962, which replaced the parliamentary system with a presidential system.
• End: The martial law ended with the promulgation of the 1962 Constitution, which restored civilian rule under Ayub Khan’s presidency.

2. Second Martial Law (1969-1972)

• Proclaimed By: General Yahya Khan
• Date: March 25, 1969
• Background: This martial law was declared after Ayub Khan’s resignation due to widespread protests and political unrest.
• Key Actions:
  • Dissolution of the Constitution of 1962.
  • Imposition of martial law with General Yahya Khan assuming control as Chief Martial Law Administrator.
  • Conducting the general elections of 1970, the first direct elections in Pakistan’s history.
  • Failure to transfer power leading to the secession of East Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh in 1971.
• End: The martial law ended when power was handed over to the elected civilian government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in December 1971, following the military defeat in East Pakistan.

3. Third Martial Law (1977-1985)

• Proclaimed By: General Zia-ul-Haq
• Date: July 5, 1977
• Background: Declared after a coup dictate that overthrew Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto following allegations of electoral fraud and civil unrest.
• Key Actions:
  • Dissolution of the National Assembly and provincial assemblies.
  • Arrest and eventual execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1979.
  • Implementation of Islamic laws (Sharia) as part of Zia’s Islamization policy.
  • Introduction of the Hudood Ordinances and establishment of the Federal Shariat Court.
  • Holding a referendum in 1984 to extend Zia’s presidency.
• End: The martial law formally ended in 1985 with the holding of non-party general elections and the restoration of the 1973 Constitution with the Eighth Amendment, which gave Zia-ul-Haq extensive powers as president.

4. Fourth Martial Law (1999-2002)

• Proclaimed By: General Pervez Musharraf
• Date: October 12, 1999
• Background: Declared following a military coup that overthrew Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif amid tensions between the civilian government and the military.
• Key Actions:
  • Suspension of the Constitution and dissolution of the National Assembly.
  • Establishment of the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) to tackle corruption.
  • Introduction of various political and economic reforms, including local government reforms through the Devolution Plan.
  • Holding a referendum in 2002 to legitimize Musharraf’s presidency.
• End: The formal end of martial law came with the general elections of 2002, although Musharraf continued to wield significant power as president until his resignation in 2008.

1. Cricket

• Overview: Cricket is the most popular sport in Pakistan. It is played at both amateur and professional levels throughout the country.
• Governing Body: Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB).
• Key Achievements:
  
  • ICC Cricket World Cup Champions (1992).
  • ICC T20 World Cup Champions (2009).
  • ICC Champions Trophy Winners (2017).

2. Field Hockey

• Overview: Field hockey is the national sport of Pakistan. The country has a rich history in the sport, with numerous international victories.
• Governing Body: Pakistan Hockey Federation (PHF).
• Key Achievements:
  
  • Olympic Gold Medals (1960, 1968, 1984).
  • FIH Hockey World Cup Champions (1971, 1978, 1982, 1994).

3. Squash

• Overview: Pakistan has a strong tradition in squash, having produced some of the world’s best players.
• Governing Body: Pakistan Squash Federation (PSF).
• Key Achievements:
  
  • Jahangir Khan and Jansher Khan dominated the sport during the 1980s and 1990s.
  • Multiple World Open and British Open titles.

4. Football (Soccer)

• Overview: Football is widely played across Pakistan, especially in urban areas and regions like Karachi, Quetta, and Lahore.
• Governing Body: Pakistan Football Federation (PFF).
• Key Achievements: Though the national team has not achieved significant international success, the sport is growing in popularity.

5. Boxing

• Overview: Boxing has gained popularity, especially in regions like Balochistan and Karachi.
• Governing Body: Pakistan Boxing Federation (PBF).
• Key Achievements: Pakistani boxers have won medals in various international competitions, including the Commonwealth and Asian Games.

6. Badminton

• Overview: Badminton is a popular sport at the grassroots level and in schools and colleges.
• Governing Body: Pakistan Badminton Federation (PBF).
• Key Achievements: Players regularly participate in South Asian and international tournaments.

7. Snooker

• Overview: Snooker is a growing sport in Pakistan, with several clubs and tournaments.
• Governing Body: Pakistan Billiards & Snooker Association (PBSA).
• Key Achievements: Pakistani players have won several international titles, including World Amateur Snooker Championships.

8. Kabaddi

• Overview: Kabaddi is a traditional sport, especially popular in Punjab and rural areas.
• Governing Body: Pakistan Kabaddi Federation (PKF).
• Key Achievements: Pakistan regularly competes in international kabaddi competitions, including the Kabaddi World Cup.

9. Wrestling

• Overview: Wrestling has a long history in Pakistan, with traditional forms like Kushti being very popular.
• Governing Body: Pakistan Wrestling Federation (PWF).
• Key Achievements: Wrestlers have won medals in South Asian and Commonwealth Games.

10. Athletics

• Overview: Athletics, including track and field, is practiced widely, with many schools and colleges hosting events.
• Governing Body: Athletics Federation of Pakistan (AFP).
• Key Achievements: Pakistani athletes compete in regional and international meets, winning medals in various events.

11. Tennis

• Overview: Tennis is played at both amateur and professional levels, with increasing participation.
• Governing Body: Pakistan Tennis Federation (PTF).
• Key Achievements: Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi is a notable player, having achieved success in international doubles competitions.

12. Volleyball

• Overview: Volleyball is a popular sport, especially in schools and the armed forces.
• Governing Body: Pakistan Volleyball Federation (PVF).
• Key Achievements: The national team participates in Asian competitions.

13. Basketball

• Overview: Basketball is played in schools, colleges, and urban areas.
• Governing Body: Pakistan Basketball Federation (PBF).
• Key Achievements: While not as popular as cricket or hockey, basketball is growing in popularity.

14. Polo

• Overview: Polo is a traditional sport, especially popular in northern areas like Gilgit-Baltistan and Chitral.
• Governing Body: Pakistan Polo Association (PPA).
• Key Achievements: Pakistan hosts several high-profile polo tournaments.

15. Golf

• Overview: Golf is played in several cities with notable courses in Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad.
• Governing Body: Pakistan Golf Federation (PGF).
• Key Achievements: Pakistani golfers participate in national and international tournaments.