1) Leviathan was written by:
(a) Hegel
(b) James Mill
(c) Hobbes
(d) J.S. Mill
(e) None of these.
Explanation: “Leviathan,” published in 1651, is a foundational work in political philosophy by Thomas Hobbes, where he argues for a strong central authority to avoid the chaos of a state of nature.

2) Founder of utilitarian school of thought was:
(a) Edmund Burk
(b) Hume
(c) J.S. Mill
(d) James Mill
(e) None of these. Jeremy Bentham
Explanation: Jeremy Bentham is credited as the founder of utilitarianism, a philosophy advocating for actions that maximize overall happiness or utility.

3) Locke laid down that state is:
(a) An end in itself
(b) Means to an end
(c) Unavoidable evil
(d) Legal necessity
(e) None of these.
Explanation: Locke viewed the state as a means to an end, primarily existing to secure individual rights such as life, liberty, and property.

4) Rousseau‘s political philosophy furnished basis for:
(a) Political sovereignty
(b) Limited sovereignty
(c) Popular sovereignty
(d) Absolute sovereignty
(e) None of these.
Explanation: Rousseau’s concept of the “general will” strongly influenced the idea of popular sovereignty, where the authority of the government derives from the people.

5) How many essentials are required to constitute a state?
(a) Three
(b) Four
(c) Five
(d) Six
(e) None of these.
Explanation: The four essentials of a state are population, territory, government, and sovereignty.

6) Laissez-faire policy means:
(a) Withdrawal of ‘some restrictions’
(b) Fair legislation
(c) Control over trade
(d) Control over industry
(e) None of these.
Explanation: Laissez-faire is an economic philosophy advocating minimal governmental interference in business and economic matters.

7) Materialistic interpretation of history was propounded by:
(a) Trotsky
(b) Lenin
(c) Bolsheviks
(d) Mensheviks
(e) None of these. (Karl Marx)
Explanation: Karl Marx developed the materialistic interpretation of history, arguing that economic factors and class struggles drive historical development.

8) Fascism as a political theory originated in:
(a) France
(b) Germany
(c) Italy
(d) Russia
(e) None of these.
Explanation: Fascism, as a political ideology, was first implemented in Italy under Benito Mussolini in the early 20th century.

9) Plato wrote:
(a) Politics
(b) The Laws
(c) Political Economy
(d) Polity
(e) None of these.
Explanation: Plato authored “The Laws,” one of his late dialogues, discussing an ideal legal and political system.

10) Al-Mawardi wrote:
(a) Ahkamul Sultaniya
(b) Siyasatnama
(c) Sayarul Muluk
(d) Ahyaul Ulum
(e) None of these.
Explanation: Al-Mawardi’s “Ahkamul Sultaniya” is a key Islamic text on governance and the role of the Caliphate.

11) Strong emphasis on justice was laid by:
(a) Socrates
(b) Aristotle
(c) Herodotus
(d) Stoics
(e) None of these.
Explanation: Aristotle emphasized justice as a central virtue in his works, particularly in “Nicomachean Ethics” and “Politics.”

12) The Spirit of Laws was written by:
(a) John Locke
(b) J.S. Mill
(c) Hume
(d) Edmund Burk
(e) None of these. (Montesquieu)
Explanation: Montesquieu’s “The Spirit of Laws” is a seminal work in political philosophy, advocating the separation of powers in governance.

13) God has made this world “a place for work and labour” is the famous quotation of:
(a) Al-Mawardi
(b) Al-Farabi
(c) Nizamul Mulk Tusi
(d) Al-Ghazali
(e) None of these.
Explanation: Al-Ghazali, a prominent Islamic scholar, emphasized the importance of labor and effort as a spiritual and worldly necessity.

14) ‘Felicific Calculus’ was the contribution of:
(a) Bentham
(b) Aristotle
(c) Plato
(d) J. S. Mill
(e) None of these.
Explanation: Jeremy Bentham introduced the concept of the “felicific calculus,” a method for calculating the happiness or utility generated by an action.

15) The theory of ‘Group Mind’ was enunciated by:
(a) Al-Mawardi
(b) Ibn-i-Khaldun
(c) Al-Ghazali
(d) Al-Farabi
(e) None of these.
Explanation: Ibn-i-Khaldun explored the concept of collective psychology or “group mind” in his work Muqaddimah, analyzing how societies function and evolve.

16) The theory of ‘Surplus Value’ as a part of communistic philosophy was the contribution of:
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Trotsky
(c) Fredrick Engels
(d) Ricardo
(e) None of these.
Explanation: Karl Marx developed the theory of surplus value, which explains how capitalists derive profit from the labor of workers.

17) Hobbian social contract is based on:
(a) Desire for peace
(b) Selfishness
(c) Fear
(d) Competition
(e) None of these.
Explanation: Hobbes argued that the fear of violent death and anarchy in the state of nature led individuals to establish a social contract and a strong authority.

18) Importance of civil service has grown due to:
(a) Population growth
(b) Increased state activity
(c) Complexity of rules and regulations
(d) Law and order requirement
(e) None of these.
Explanation: The expanding role of the state in economic and social welfare has increased the importance of civil services globally.

19) Which political theory propounded that state will ultimately disappear:
(a) Syndicalism
(b) Fabian socialism
(c) Fascism
(d) Communism
(e) None of these.
Explanation: Communism, as envisioned by Karl Marx, holds that the state will “wither away” after achieving a classless and stateless society.

20) According to Aristotle the end of the state is:
(a) Legal
(b) Social
(c) Ethical
(d) Economic
(e) None of these.
Explanation: Aristotle argued that the state exists to promote the highest good, which is the ethical and moral development of its citizens.

21) Interest groups always try to:
(a) Gain political power directly
(b) Influence the exercise of power
(c) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’
(d) None of these
Explanation: Interest groups focus on influencing policymakers and the exercise of power rather than directly seeking political positions.

22) Author of the book ‘Capital’ is:
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Lenin
(c) Mao
(d) None of these
Explanation: Karl Marx wrote Das Kapital, which examines capitalism’s workings and critiques its structure.

23) A voluntary union of sovereign and independent states is called:
(a) Federation
(b) Confederation
(c) Unitary State
(d) None of these
Explanation: A confederation is a union of states where each retains significant independence but collaborates on shared goals.

24) Author of the book ‘Leviathan’ is:
(a) Thomas Hobbes
(b) John Locke
(c) Rousseau
(d) None of these
Explanation: Hobbes’ Leviathan outlines his theories on social contract and the necessity of a strong sovereign authority.

25) ‘Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam’ is written by:
(a) Syed Amir Ali
(b) Allama Iqbal
(c) Hamid Ahmad
(d) None of these
Explanation: Allama Iqbal, a prominent philosopher and poet, discussed the need for a dynamic interpretation of Islamic principles.

26) The author of the book ‘Statesman’ is:
(a) Aristotle
(b) Machiavelli
(c) Plato
(d) None of these
Explanation: Plato’s Statesman explores the ideal characteristics of a ruler and governance.

27) “Justice is giving everyone his due” is said by:
(a) Rousseau
(b) Hobbes
(c) Aristotle
(d) None of these
Explanation: Aristotle defined justice as giving individuals what they deserve based on their contribution and merit.

28) The dissolution of Khilafat and the establishment of ‘Grand National Assembly’ in Turkey was highly appreciated by:
(a) Allama Iqbal
(b) Maulana Shaukat Ali
(c) Mohammad Ali Jinnah
(d) None of these
Explanation: Iqbal viewed Atatürk’s reforms, including the dissolution of the Khilafat, as a step toward modernizing the Muslim world.

29) Author of the Book ‘Spirit of Islam’ is:
(a) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
(b) Abdul Kalam Azad
(c) Syed Amir Ali
(d) None of these
Explanation: Syed Amir Ali’s The Spirit of Islam provides a historical and philosophical perspective on Islamic civilization.

30) The concept of ‘Separation of Powers’ was given by:
(a) Montesquieu
(b) Machiavelli
(c) Bentham
(d) None of these
Explanation: Montesquieu advocated for separating the legislative, executive, and judicial powers to ensure checks and balances.

31) Which of the political philosophers was most admired by the American Founding Fathers, and his thoughts on the importance of private property were reflected in the drafting and historical development of the American Constitution:
(a) John Locke
(b) Thomas Hobbes
(c) Rousseau
(d) None of these
Explanation: Locke’s emphasis on natural rights and private property influenced the U.S. Constitution’s framing.

32) According to Aristotle which is the best amongst the Perverted forms of the ideal states:
(a) Tyranny
(b) Oligarchy
(c) Democracy
(d) None of these
Explanation: Aristotle viewed democracy as the least harmful among the flawed forms of government.

33) Who said “Law is the command of a determinate sovereign”?
(a) John Austin
(b) Laski
(c) Bentham
(d) None of these
Explanation: John Austin formulated the analytical theory of law, emphasizing law as commands issued by a sovereign.

34) “Only the will of the sovereign can be the source of law.” Who said it?
(a) John Hobbes
(b) John Austin
(c) Grotius
(d) None of these
Explanation: Austin believed that laws derive their authority solely from the will of the sovereign.

35) Those who are active against the very existence of state are known as:
(a) Fascists
(b) Anarchists
(c) Socialists
(d) None of these
Explanation: Anarchists oppose the existence of any form of state authority, advocating for a stateless society.

36) The concept of ‘Surplus Value’ is given by:
(a) Mao
(b) Lenin
(c) Marx
(d) None of these
Explanation: Karl Marx introduced the concept of surplus value to explain how capitalists profit from workers’ labor.

37) In Plato’s Ideal State, one reaches the pinnacle of the State order at the age of:
(a) 35
(b) 40
(c) 50
(d) None of these
Explanation: Plato believed that philosopher-kings, after years of education and experience, should govern at the age of 50.

38) Which one is the ‘supreme law of the land’ in the USA?
(a) Constitutional Law
(b) General Law
(c) International Law
(d) None of these
Explanation: The U.S. Constitution is the supreme law, serving as the foundation for all laws and governance.

39) The system of ‘Basic Democracies’ was introduced by:
(a) Gen. Yahya Khan
(b) Gen. Ayub Khan
(c) Z. A. Bhutto
(d) None of these
Explanation: Ayub Khan introduced the Basic Democracies system as a way to decentralize governance and involve citizens at the grassroots level.

40) Fascism as a theory originated in:
(a) Germany
(b) Russia
(c) Italy
(d) None of these
Explanation: Fascism, led by Mussolini, emerged in Italy as a response to political instability and economic challenges.

41) The Objective Resolution was adopted in:
(a) 1947
(b) 1949
(c) 1951
(d) None of these
Explanation: The Objective Resolution, outlining the ideological foundation of Pakistan, was passed by the Constituent Assembly in 1949.

42) Simla delegation was led by:
(a) Sir Agha Khan
(b) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
(c) Maulana Shibly Nomani
(d) None of these
Explanation: The Simla delegation, led by Sir Agha Khan in 1906, represented the political interests of Muslims to Lord Minto.

43) “This is the parting of ways” was said by:
(a) Quaid-e-Azam
(b) Allama Iqbal
(c) Pandit Nehru
(d) None of these
Explanation: Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah remarked this during his differences with Congress over the future political structure of India.

44) Pakistan became a Republic in:
(a) 1947
(b) 1949
(c) 1951
(d) None of these: 1956
Explanation: Pakistan officially became a Republic with the adoption of its first constitution in 1956.

45) The quorum of the House of Commons is:
(a) 20 members
(b) 30 members
(c) 40 members
(d) None of these
Explanation: The minimum number of members required for the House of Commons to proceed with its work is 40.

46) The Supreme Court of Pakistan comprises:
(a) 9 judges
(b) 11 judges
(c) 13 judges
(d) None of these
Explanation: The Supreme Court of Pakistan has a varying number of judges, usually determined by constitutional provisions, often exceeding these options.

47) The Indian Parliament is:
(a) Unicameral
(b) Bicameral
(c) Tricameral
(d) None of these
Explanation: The Indian Parliament consists of two houses: the Rajya Sabha (Upper House) and the Lok Sabha (Lower House).

48) The American Senate comprises:
(a) 99 Senators
(b) 100 Senators
(c) 101 Senators
(d) None of these
Explanation: The Senate has two Senators from each of the 50 states, making a total of 100.

49) In Pakistan, the Constitution has been abrogated:
(a) Once
(b) Twice
(c) Thrice
(d) None of these
Explanation: Pakistan’s constitution was abrogated in 1958, 1977, and 1999 during military coups.

50) The tenure of the French President is fixed at:
(a) 5 years
(b) 7 years
(c) 9 years
(d) None of these
Explanation: The French President’s tenure was reduced from 7 to 5 years by a referendum in 2000.

51) Turkish Government is:
(a) Democratic
(b) Dictatorial
(c) Monarchial
(d) None of these
Explanation: Turkey operates as a democratic republic with a presidential system of governance.

52) The Cultural Revolution in China was aimed at reforming:
(a) Communist Party
(b) Bureaucracy
(c) Red Army
(d) None of these
Explanation: The Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) targeted political and ideological reform, emphasizing Communist ideals.

53) The Islamic Revolution in Iran ushered in:
(a) Military rule
(b) Clergy’s rule
(c) People’s rule
(d) None of these
Explanation: The 1979 revolution led to the establishment of a theocratic government dominated by clergy.

54) People’s Republic of China was established in:
(a) 1949
(b) 1950
(c) 1951
(d) None of these
Explanation: The People’s Republic of China was officially proclaimed on October 1, 1949, under Mao Zedong’s leadership.

55) Power in the Soviet Union rested with the:
(a) Supreme Soviet
(b) Communist Party
(c) Presidium
(d) None of these
Explanation: Real power in the USSR resided with the Communist Party, particularly the Politburo.

56) The House of Lords is predominantly:
(a) Elected
(b) Appointed
(c) Hereditary
(d) None of these
Explanation: Traditionally, the House of Lords consisted of hereditary peers, though recent reforms have reduced their number.

57) The Soviet Union was established in:
(a) 1917
(b) 1919
(c) 1921
(d) None of these
Explanation: The Soviet Union emerged from the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917.

58) The USA was founded in:
(a) 1789
(b) 1791
(c) 1793
(d) None of these: 1776
Explanation: The USA was founded with the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.

59) The Electoral College in the US comprises:
(a) 535 Electors
(b) 538 Electors
(c) 541 Electors
(d) None of these
Explanation: The Electoral College includes 538 electors, representing 435 Representatives, 100 Senators, and 3 for Washington, D.C.

60) The Eighth Amendment was adopted in the Constitution of Pakistan in:
(a) 1985
(b) 1986
(c) 1987
(d) None of these
Explanation: The Eighth Amendment, passed in 1985, increased presidential powers in Pakistan.

61) “An essay concerning Human Understanding” is written by:
(a) Thomas Hobbes
(b) John Locke
(c) J. J. Rousseau
(d) None of these
Explanation: John Locke wrote this influential work in 1690, laying the foundations for modern empiricism.

62) The father had planned a legal career for his son, but the son had no inclination towards that. Who was the son?
(a) Aristotle
(b) Machiavelli
(c) John Locke
(d) None of these
Explanation: John Locke’s father intended for him to pursue a legal career, but Locke chose philosophy and medicine instead.

63) “The Spirit of Laws” is divisible into six parts; the total number of volumes of this book are:
(a) 30
(b) 31
(c) 32
(d) None of these (2 volumes)
Explanation: Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws was originally published in two volumes in 1748.

64) “Political Science begins and ends with the state” is said by:
(a) Paul Janct
(b) Stephen Leacock
(c) Professor Garner
(d) None of these
Explanation: This quote reflects Garner’s focus on the state as the central subject of political science.

65) “Thyau‘l-Ulum” was the chief work of:
(a) Al Farabi
(b) Al Manwardi
(c) Al Ghazali
(d) None of these
Explanation: Al-Ghazali’s Ihya Ulum al-Din (The Revival of Religious Sciences) is considered a monumental work in Islamic thought.

66) According to Aristotle, which is the bad government of the rich:
(a) Tyranny
(b) Oligarchy
(c) Democracy
(d) None of these
Explanation: Aristotle classified oligarchy as the corrupt form of rule by the wealthy elite.

67) Constitutions classified as rigid and flexible in a book titled “Studies in History and Jurisprudence” was written by:
(a) Gilchrist
(b) T. H. Green
(c) Lord Bryce
(d) None of these
Explanation: Lord Bryce discussed this classification in his work on political and legal systems.

68) “Wealth of Nations” was written by:
(a) John Stuart Mill
(b) Jerry Bentham
(c) Adam Smith
(d) None of these
Explanation: Published in 1776, Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations is a foundational text in classical economics.

69) Aristotle is the original name of:
(a) Plato
(b) Aristotle
(c) Machiavelli
(d) None of these
Explanation: Aristotle’s name is his own; he is widely regarded as the father of political science.

70) Which of these books represents the scheme of Plato’s Philosophy?
(a) The Politics
(b) The Republic
(c) The Laws
(d) None of these
Explanation: The Republic outlines Plato’s vision of justice and the ideal state.

71) “Muqaddamah” was the great work of:
(a) Ibn Khaldun
(b) Al Mawardi
(c) Nizam-ul-Mulk
(d) None of these
Explanation: Ibn Khaldun’s Muqaddamah is a pioneering work in sociology and historiography.

72) “Asabiyah” was enunciated by:
(a) Al-Ghazali
(b) Al-Mawardi
(c) Al-Farabi
(d) None of these (Ibn Khaldun)
Explanation: Ibn Khaldun developed the concept of Asabiyah, meaning social cohesion or solidarity.

73) “Theory of Divine Right of Kings” was presented by King James of England in century:
(a) 16th
(b) 17th
(c) 18th
(d) None of these
Explanation: King James I of England was a proponent of the divine right theory in the early 17th century.

74) “To rule is to educate” is said by:
(a) Muhammad (SAW)
(b) Al-Ghazali
(c) Allama Iqbal
(d) None of these (Plato)
Explanation: Plato emphasized the ruler’s role in educating citizens in his work The Republic.

75) A discourse on the origin of Inequality and the Social Contract was presented by:
(a) Rousseau
(b) Hobbes
(c) John Locke
(d) None of these
Explanation: Rousseau explored these ideas in The Social Contract and Discourse on Inequality.

76) Sovereignty is which one of the following bases of the state:
(a) Physical
(b) Natural
(c) Spiritual
(d) None of these
Explanation: Sovereignty is a legal and political concept central to the existence of a state.

77) Law is “the body of principles recognized and applied by the state in the administration of justice” is said by:
(a) Holland
(b) Green
(c) Salmond
(d) None of these
Explanation: Salmond’s definition of law emphasizes its application by the state in justice.

78) The term Propaganda acquired a derogatory sense:
(a) Before World War I
(b) During World War I
(c) After World War I
(d) None of these
Explanation: Propaganda became associated with manipulation during WWI due to state-led information campaigns.

79) The word “polis” means:
(a) Civilized people
(b) Form of government
(c) A city-state
(d) None of these
Explanation: Polis refers to the ancient Greek city-state, central to Greek political life.

80) In which century was the Austinian theory of Sovereignty refuted by Pluralists?
(a) 18th
(b) 19th
(c) 20th
(d) None of these
Explanation: Pluralists like Laski challenged Austin’s monistic sovereignty in the early 20th century.

81) Originally, the total number of States of the USA was:
(a) 13
(b) 18
(c) 20
(d) None of these
Explanation: The USA initially consisted of 13 states that declared independence from Britain in 1776.

82) The first government of the US was based on the articles of:
(a) Federation
(b) Confederation
(c) Unitary State
(d) None of these
Explanation: The Articles of Confederation, adopted in 1777, provided the first constitutional framework for the United States.

83) The US Constitution consists of Articles:
(a) 7
(b) 15
(c) 20
(d) None of these
Explanation: The US Constitution has seven articles outlining the framework of government.

84) Members of Washington DC in the Electoral College for the Presidential Elections in America are:
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 1
(d) None of these (3)
Explanation: Washington, D.C. is allocated three electoral votes as per the 23rd Amendment.

85) The first American President was:
(a) Abraham Lincoln
(b) George Washington
(c) James Madison
(d) None of these
Explanation: George Washington served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797.

86) Total amendments in the US Constitution are:
(a) 16
(b) 26
(c) 27
(d) None of these
Explanation: The US Constitution currently has 27 amendments, with the first 10 being the Bill of Rights.

87) The dissolution of the Khilafat and the establishment of the ‘Grand National Assembly’ in Turkey was highly appreciated by:
(a) Allama Iqbal
(b) Maulana Shaukat Ali
(c) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
(d) None of these
Explanation: Allama Iqbal appreciated Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s reforms, including the dissolution of the Khilafat.

88) Ideological foundations of the Turkish Constitution are based on:
(a) Kamalism
(b) Socialism
(c) Islam
(d) None of these
Explanation: Kamalism, inspired by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, emphasizes secularism, nationalism, and modernization.

89) The title “Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity” was given to Mr. Jinnah by:
(a) Mustafa Kemal
(b) Sarojini Naidu
(c) Allama Iqbal
(d) None of these
Explanation: Sarojini Naidu gave this title to Muhammad Ali Jinnah for his efforts to unite Hindus and Muslims.

90) The concept of ‘Separation of Powers’ in the US Constitution was taken from:
(a) Montesquieu
(b) Machiavelli
(c) Bentham
(d) None of these
Explanation: Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws inspired the separation of powers into legislative, executive, and judicial branches.

91) Islam was declared the “State Religion” in Pakistan’s Constitution of:
(a) 1962
(b) 1973
(c) 1985
(d) None of these
Explanation: The 1973 Constitution declared Islam as the state religion of Pakistan.

92) All types of exploitation were to be eliminated according to Pakistan’s Constitution of:
(a) 1956
(b) 1962
(c) 1973
(d) None of these
Explanation: Article 3 of the 1973 Constitution calls for the elimination of all forms of exploitation.

93) When did the British Government in India cancel the separation of Bengal?
(a) 1905
(b) 1911
(c) 1915
(d) None of these
Explanation: The British annulled the partition of Bengal in 1911 due to widespread protests.

94) “If the president dissolves the legislature, he himself shall have to be re-elected.” This was mentioned in Pakistan’s Constitution of:
(a) 1956
(b) 1962
(c) 1973
(d) None of these
Explanation: The 1962 Constitution, framed during Ayub Khan’s rule, contained this provision.

95) The French system of government is:
(a) Presidential
(b) Parliamentary
(c) Mixed
(d) None of these
Explanation: France has a mixed system combining elements of presidential and parliamentary systems.

96) The first document of English liberties, Magna Carta, was signed by King John in:
(a) 1215
(b) 1649
(c) 1688
(d) None of these
Explanation: Magna Carta, signed in 1215, established the principle of limited government authority.

97) The British Constitution can be amended by the Parliament with:
(a) Simple majority
(b) 2/3 majority
(c) ¾ majority
(d) None of these
Explanation: Since the British Constitution is unwritten, amendments require a simple majority in Parliament.

98) The People’s Republic of China came into being in:
(a) 1946
(b) 1949
(c) 1950
(d) None of these
Explanation: The People’s Republic of China was established on October 1, 1949, under Mao Zedong.

99) The Indian President is elected by:
(a) Parliament
(b) Provincial Assemblies
(c) Parliament and Provincial Assemblies
(d) None of these
Explanation: The Indian President is elected by an electoral college consisting of the Parliament and State Assemblies.

100) The commune system is a part of the political system of:
(a) China
(b) India
(c) USA
(d) None of these
Explanation: The commune system was a collective farming and administrative unit in Maoist China.