101) The writer of Social Contract and the Islamic State is:
(a) Ilyas Ahmad
(b) Ibn Khuldun
(c) Iqbal
(d) None of these
Explanation: Ilyas Ahmad is known for his work analyzing the relationship between Islamic principles and governance.

102) Who is the author of Politics in Pakistan: The Nature and Direction of Change?
(a) Khalid B. Sayeed
(b) Ilyas Ahmad
(c) Hafeezur Rehman
(d) None of these
Explanation: Khalid B. Sayeed authored this book focusing on the evolution of politics in Pakistan.

103) Qaradae-e-Maqasid Se Islamic Qanoon Tak is written by:
(a) Hafeezur Rehman
(b) Khalid B. Sayeed
(c) Ilyas Ahmad
(d) None of these
Explanation: Ilyas Ahmad examines the progression of Islamic legal thought in this work.

104) George H. Sabine is the author of:
(a) A History of Political Theory
(b) Republic
(c) The Spirit
(d) None of these
Explanation: A History of Political Theory is a seminal work by George H. Sabine, analyzing Western political thought.

105) Plato is the author of:
(a) Republic
(b) Social Contract
(c) History of Political Thought
(d) None of these
Explanation: Plato’s Republic explores justice, governance, and the ideal state.

106) The idea that “Virtue is knowledge” is attributed to:
(a) Aristotle
(b) Plato
(c) Montesquieu
(d) None of these (Socrates)
Explanation: Socrates believed that knowledge and virtue are interconnected.

107) “Political Science begins and ends with the state” is said by:
(a) Aristotle
(b) Professor Garner
(c) Paul Janet
(d) None of these
Explanation: Professor Garner emphasized the centrality of the state in political science.

108) The City of God is the work of:
(a) Aquinas
(b) St. Augustine
(c) Austin
(d) None of these
Explanation: St. Augustine wrote The City of God as a response to the fall of Rome and the role of Christianity.

109) The ideas of Aristotle are more acceptable to the West than Plato’s because he propagated:
(a) Rule of law
(b) Democracy
(c) Tyranny
(d) None of these
Explanation: Aristotle emphasized the practical aspects of governance, including democracy and rule of law.

110) He is known as the founding father of Utilitarianism:
(a) James Mill
(b) Jeremy Bentham
(c) C. Wright Mills
(d) None of these
Explanation: Jeremy Bentham laid the foundations for Utilitarian philosophy, emphasizing the greatest happiness principle.

111) Ahya ul Uloom is the work of:
(a) Al Farabi
(b) Al Mawardi
(c) Al Ghazali
(d) None of these
Explanation: Al Ghazali’s Ahya ul Uloom is a comprehensive work on Islamic ethics and spirituality.

112) He is famous for his work Muqaddimah:
(a) Ibn Taimiyah
(b) Nizamul Mulk
(c) Ibn Khaldun
(d) None of these
Explanation: Ibn Khaldun’s Muqaddimah is a pioneering work on historiography and sociology.

113) The Bolshevik movement in Russia was led by:
(a) Stalin
(b) Trotsky
(c) Lenin
(d) None of these
Explanation: Vladimir Lenin led the Bolshevik movement, which culminated in the Russian Revolution of 1917.

114) He is known as the major theorist of bureaucracy:
(a) Burke
(b) Dahl
(c) Max Weber
(d) None of these
Explanation: Max Weber’s theories on bureaucracy outlined its role in modern administrative systems.

115) “Leviathan” was written by:
(a) Thomas Hobbes
(b) John Locke
(c) Rousseau
(d) None of these
Explanation: Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan discusses the structure of society and legitimate government.

116) The “Iron Law of Oligarchy” was proposed by:
(a) Marx
(b) Lenin
(c) Robert Michels
(d) None of these
Explanation: Robert Michels proposed this concept, stating that all forms of organization eventually lead to oligarchy.

117) The “General Will” concept is associated with:
(a) Hobbes
(b) Rousseau
(c) Locke
(d) None of these
Explanation: Rousseau introduced the idea of the “General Will” in his work The Social Contract.

118) Das Kapital was written by:
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Engels
(c) Lenin
(d) None of these
Explanation: Das Kapital by Karl Marx critiques political economy and capitalism.

119) The term “checks and balances” is associated with the political philosophy of:
(a) Locke
(b) Rousseau
(c) Montesquieu
(d) None of these
Explanation: Montesquieu advocated for the separation of powers and checks and balances in governance.

120) “Liberty means the absence of restraints” was defined by:
(a) Hobbes
(b) Locke
(c) Mill
(d) None of these
Explanation: Hobbes viewed liberty as the absence of external impediments to motion.

121) The Wealth of Nations was written by:
(a) John Stuart Mill
(b) Jeremy Bentham
(c) Adam Smith
(d) None of these
Explanation: Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith laid the foundations for modern economics and capitalism.

122) The phrase “Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains” is attributed to:
(a) Rousseau
(b) Hobbes
(c) Locke
(d) None of these
Explanation: This quote comes from Rousseau’s The Social Contract, which discusses freedom and the role of society.

123) The “Theory of Natural Rights” was most prominently proposed by:
(a) Thomas Hobbes
(b) John Locke
(c) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
(d) None of these
Explanation: Locke’s theory of natural rights emphasizes life, liberty, and property as inalienable rights of individuals.

124) The “State of Nature” theory was discussed by:
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Montesquieu
(c) Hobbes
(d) None of these
Explanation: Hobbes, in Leviathan, discussed the state of nature as a condition of anarchy, where life was “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”

125) Who coined the term “Utopian Socialism”?
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Friedrich Engels
(c) Henri de Saint-Simon
(d) None of these
Explanation: Utopian socialism was a term coined by Marx and Engels to describe early socialist thinkers who believed in ideal societies without the need for class struggle.

126) The “Principle of Utility” is most associated with:
(a) John Stuart Mill
(b) Jeremy Bentham
(c) Both of these
(d) None of these
Explanation: Both John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham are famous for promoting the principle of utility, which suggests that the best actions are those that maximize happiness.

127) The “Social Contract Theory” was primarily developed by:
(a) Thomas Hobbes
(b) John Locke
(c) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
(d) None of these
Explanation: Rousseau developed his own version of the social contract theory, focusing on the collective will of the people.

128) According to Karl Marx, the “bourgeoisie” refers to:
(a) Working class
(b) Nobility
(c) Capitalists
(d) None of these
Explanation: In Marxist theory, the bourgeoisie is the capitalist class that owns the means of production.

129) The “Philosopher King” idea is associated with:
(a) Aristotle
(b) Plato
(c) Machiavelli
(d) None of these
Explanation: Plato proposed the idea of the philosopher-king in his work The Republic, advocating that the most knowledgeable should rule.

130) The Prince was written by:
(a) John Locke
(b) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
(c) Niccolò Machiavelli
(d) None of these
Explanation: Machiavelli’s The Prince is a seminal work in political theory, advocating for pragmatic and sometimes ruthless political leadership.

131) Who is the author of the book On Liberty?
(a) John Stuart Mill
(b) Jeremy Bentham
(c) Karl Marx
(d) None of these
Explanation: On Liberty is a work by John Stuart Mill that focuses on the nature and limits of the power that can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual.

132) The term “Oligarchy” refers to:
(a) Rule by the people
(b) Rule by a few
(c) Rule by one
(d) None of these
Explanation: Oligarchy is a form of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of people.

133) The Communist Manifesto was written by:
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Friedrich Engels
(c) Both of these
(d) None of these
Explanation: Marx and Engels co-wrote The Communist Manifesto, advocating for the overthrow of capitalist societies and the establishment of a classless society.

134) The first permanent colony of England in the Americas was established at:
(a) Plymouth
(b) Jamestown
(c) Roanoke
(d) None of these
Explanation: Jamestown, founded in 1607, was the first successful permanent English colony in the Americas.

135) The “Separation of Powers” doctrine was proposed by:
(a) John Locke
(b) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
(c) Montesquieu
(d) None of these
Explanation: Montesquieu’s The Spirit of the Laws proposed the separation of powers into legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent tyranny.

136) The idea of “Rational Choice Theory” is closely associated with:
(a) Aristotle
(b) Machiavelli
(c) James Buchanan
(d) None of these
Explanation: Rational choice theory, developed by scholars like James Buchanan, posits that individuals make decisions by rational calculation to maximize their utility.

137) The concept of “Hegemony” in Marxist theory was introduced by:
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Friedrich Engels
(c) Antonio Gramsci
(d) None of these
Explanation: Antonio Gramsci developed the concept of cultural hegemony, referring to the dominance of a particular set of ideas in society.

138) “The Wealth of Nations” advocates for:
(a) Socialism
(b) Capitalism
(c) Laissez-faire Economics
(d) None of these
Explanation: Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations argues for free-market capitalism with minimal government intervention.

139) The theory of “Class Struggle” is associated with:
(a) Max Weber
(b) Karl Marx
(c) Friedrich Engels
(d) None of these
Explanation: Karl Marx, along with Engels, formulated the theory of class struggle, which views history as a series of conflicts between different social classes.

140) “The Spirit of the Laws” is a work by:
(a) Thomas Hobbes
(b) Montesquieu
(c) John Locke
(d) None of these
Explanation: Montesquieu’s The Spirit of the Laws is a classic work on the theory of government, particularly the separation of powers.

(15) Cultural Revolution in China was launched under the leadership of:
(a) Chou-en-lai
(b) Lin Piao
(c) Mao Zedong
(d) None of these
Explanation: The Cultural Revolution was initiated by Mao Zedong in 1966 to enforce communism by removing capitalist, traditional, and cultural elements from Chinese society.

(16) Collective responsibility is a feature of:
(a) Parliamentary form
(b) Presidential form
(c) Dictatorship
(d) None of these
Explanation: In a parliamentary system, the entire cabinet is collectively responsible to the legislature, and they must resign if they lose a vote of confidence.

(17) Decentralization is a feature of:
(a) Federal System
(b) Autocratic system
(c) Unitary system
(d) None of these
Explanation: Federal systems distribute power between central and local governments, allowing for decentralization.

(18) Dictatorship of the Proletariat is one of the concepts of:
(a) Karl Marx
(b) Max Weber
(c) Mao Zedong
(d) None of these
Explanation: Karl Marx proposed the “Dictatorship of the Proletariat” as a phase in which the working class would hold political power until a classless society is achieved.

(19) The general Will is the political concept of:
(a) J. J. Rousseau
(b) Hobbes
(c) Locke
(d) None of these
Explanation: The general will, as developed by Rousseau, represents the collective will of the people that guides legitimate governance.

(20) Leviathan is written by:
(a) Thomas Hobbes
(b) Hegel
(c) Locke
(d) None of these
Explanation: Leviathan is Hobbes’ work where he discusses the nature of government and the necessity of a strong, centralized authority to maintain peace and prevent chaos.

(1) Who was named the first leader of the opposition in Ayub Khan’s constituted first national assembly?
(a) Sardar Bahadur Khan
(b) Mumtaz Daultana
(c) Muhammad Hussain Chatta
(d) Maulana Tamizuddin Khan
(e) Khwaja Nazimuddin
(f) None of these (Mr. Yousaf Khattak)
Explanation: Yousaf Khattak was appointed as the first leader of the opposition in Ayub Khan’s first national assembly.

(2) Who is the author of the book, Friends Not Masters?
(a) Ayub Khan
(b) Altaf Gauhar
(c) Sharifuddin Pirzada
(d) Helen Bolitho
(e) Ch. Muhammad Ali
(f) None of these
Explanation: Friends Not Masters is written by Ayub Khan, where he discusses his political career and the relationship between Pakistan and the United States.

(3) Myth of Independence was written by:
(a) Shariful Mujahid
(b) Ayub Khan
(c) Z. A. Bhutto
(d) Ch. M. Ali
(e) Kh. Nazimuddin
(f) None of these
Explanation: Myth of Independence is written by Shariful Mujahid, discussing Pakistan’s post-independence political struggles and governance.

(4) The last Speaker of the National Assembly during Ayub’s government was:
(a) Khan A. Sabur
(b) Sheikh Mujibur Rehman
(c) Zahoor Khan
(d) Abdul Jabbar Khan
(e) Monim Khan
(f) None of these
Explanation: Monim Khan was the last Speaker of the National Assembly during Ayub Khan’s government.

(5) Who was the President of the US during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962?
(a) Richard Nixon
(b) J. F. Kennedy
(c) Truman
(d) Eisenhower
(e) L. B. Johnson
(f) None of these
Explanation: John F. Kennedy was the President of the United States during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962.

(6) Who was the Prime Minister of India during the 1965 war between Pakistan and India?
(a) Jawahar Lal Nehru
(b) Morarji Desai
(c) Lal Bahadur Shastri
(d) Indira Gandhi
(e) Zakir Hussain
(f) None of these
Explanation: Lal Bahadur Shastri was the Prime Minister of India during the 1965 war with Pakistan.

(7) Who was the mover of the Lahore Resolution of 1940?
(a) Ch. Mohammad Ali
(b) Liaquat Ali Khan
(c) A. K. Fazlul Haq
(d) Khawaja Shahabuddin
(e) Hussain Shaheed Suharwardy
(f) None of these
Explanation: A. K. Fazlul Haq moved the Lahore Resolution in 1940, which called for the creation of separate states for Muslims in India.

(8) Who was called the ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity?
(a) Moti Lal Nehru
(b) Abdul Kalam Azad
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
(d) Muhammad Ali Jauhar
(e) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
(f) None of these
Explanation: Muhammad Ali Jinnah was called the ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity, as he worked for the unity of both communities, although his later role led to the creation of Pakistan.

(9) Who is the author of the famous book, The Spirit of Islam?
(a) Muhammad Iqbal
(b) Justice Amir Ali
(c) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
(d) Hali
(e) Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar
(f) None of these
Explanation: Justice Amir Ali is the author of The Spirit of Islam, in which he discusses Islamic philosophy, religion, and history.

(10) Who was the architect of the Lucknow Pact of 1916, between Congress and Muslim League?
(a) Sardar Patel
(b) Nehru
(c) Iqbal
(d) C. R. Das
(e) Gandhi
(f) None of these
Explanation: The architect of the Lucknow Pact was Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar, who worked with both the Congress and Muslim League to reach an agreement for cooperation.

(11) What was the total number of seats in the national assembly under the 1962 constitution?
(a) 100
(b) 150
(c) 300
(d) 200
(e) 220
(f) None of these (156 and then 218)
Explanation: The original number of seats in the National Assembly under the 1962 constitution was 156, which was later increased to 218.

(12) Who was the president of Pakistan during the India-China war of 1962?
(a) Ghulam Mohammad
(b) Iskandar Mirza
(c) Ch. Muhammad Ali
(d) Ayub Khan
(e) Mushtaq Gurmani
(f) None of these
Explanation: Ayub Khan was the President of Pakistan during the India-China war of 1962.

(14) Who was the president of the US during the 1991 Iraq – Kuwait conflict?
(a) G. W. Bush
(b) Clinton
(c) Richard Nixon
(d) Jimmy Carter
(e) Ronald Reagan
(f) None of these (George Herbert Walker Bush)
Explanation: George Herbert Walker Bush was the President of the United States during the Iraq-Kuwait conflict in 1991.

(15) Who was the Prime Minister of India during the 1971 crisis?
(a) Lal Bahadur Shastri
(b) Morarji Desai
(c) Indira Gandhi
(d) Rajiv Gandhi
(e) Zakir Hussain
Explanation: Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India during the 1971 crisis, which culminated in the India-Pakistan war and the creation of Bangladesh.